Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Online Paper Help - Overview

Online Paper Help - Overview Online Paper Help Help! All you have to do is make your purchase! Basically, it assists the writer organize their ideas and appropriately place the researched information in the proper section. Ordering term paper writing help could possibly be huge alternative, especially when you haven't done it before. If you need assistance in making the outline then it is possible to secure the exact same kind of assistance that was just described for formatting. The War Against Online Paper Help Research paper writing service is a great choice. For this reason, you'll have an opportunity to perform good research and share your point of view on the subject. View How it Works for an extensive view of our expert services. Why don't you drop in today and let our crew of experts assist you with your research papers. The Meaning of Online Paper Help You may purchase research paper when you need and wherever you're. Each paper must be written coherently and properly in case you wish to acquire high marks. If you are in need of a superb research paper we can assist you out, specify each detail and that's it. It can be quite daunting writing your very first research paper even the paper outline can appear impossible. You will get your paper in a couple of days (or even hours if you want it very soon). If you wish to make an order, don't leave it until the past several days before you're to submit the paper! Listed here are the principal reasons why you're at the very best spot to purchase term paper. Hence you get a suitable paper help from them who don't waste time after they've got the request. The academic level you're working on is also an additional determinant of your paper's price. Whether you require an urgent term paper written or you desire a range of articles on any subject, a web-based paper help site can deliver what you will need for an affordable price in a fairly speedy moment. Not all on-line helpers will supp ly you with the quality you have earned. Then abruptly you could be illuminated. In many instances, it's not even about form. With our assistance, you can receive all the customized paper help you demand. Just don't forget that the safest means is to use examples and samples as intended. You should make it convincing. Ordering research papers writing help on the internet can be tricky. Using all of the evidence and on the grounds of the guidelines, the students may accept or reject the hypothesis. Buying term papers with us are definitely the most achievable option which you've as at now. Our rates are affordable for most students. The majority of the moment, the expression paper is employed in grading students which means that whatever grade you will score on it'll greatly impact your general grade at the close of the semester. You need to understand the precise place to purchase college term paper. So as to request exactly the same writer who did the totally free r esearch paper you liked, and give him your assignment to finish, you may visit our enormous database that has the profiles for each and every freelance writer with whom we cooperate. Choose our essay writing service to receive just what you want. When you purchase an essay from us, you're guaranteed to relish individual approach because essay help offered by our writers is always customized based on your requirements. You need to follow along with essay writing structure. Choosing online essay writers isn't a nightmare anymore. Among the very first things you wish to consult the online essay writing company is the experience and understanding of the writer. After reading the thesis, there ought to be no doubt precisely what the research will be about. Asking for writing help isn't only advisable, but in addition an absolutely natural choice. Get the Scoop on Online Paper Help Before You're Too Late A lot of people understand the things that they desire. On-line case study help from ChiefEssays has several benefits you will love. Every next order offers you bonuses and you're welcome to use them as real dollars to cover your orders! Placing an order is quite easy, and should you face any complications, our support folks will help figure out all them. At any time you give in a customized research paper to your teacher you've got from a custom made research paper business that has presented a plagiarized custom made research paper, your instructor is likely to bar you for your academic deceit. You can't be a helping hand in case you don't understand what you're doing.

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Minimum Legal Drinking Agre - 1173 Words

The legal age of adulthood in the United States for most purposes is 18. At the age of 18, a person enters the realm of adulthood and is assigned the rights and responsibilities associated with this legal status. For example, an 18 year old can legally sign a contract and is bound by the terms and conditions of the contract. An 18 year old can marry without parental consent, serve on a jury, and vote in state and federal elections. An 18 year old who is charged with a crime is not tried in the juvenile justice system but is tried as an adult. Additionally, an 18 year old can join the military and be sent to a combat zone to defend our country. One notable exception to the rights of adulthood is the right to legally consume alcohol until the age of 21. I will present a cogent argument to lower the legal drinking age in the United States from 21 to 18. The elements of the argument will be based in utilitarian ethics. Jeremy Bentham, a utilitarian theorist, advocated that oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s individual rights should outweigh the interests of institutions, which include the government. Prior to 1920, each state established its own minimum legal drinking age. When the Eighteenth Amendment was passed on January 17, 1920, the era of prohibition began. While the Eighteenth Amendment was in effect, it was illegal in the Unites States to manufacture, distribute, and/or sell alcohol. Prohibition ended on December 5, 1933, when the Twenty-first Amendment was ratified. The states were

Monday, December 9, 2019

A positive influence through the depression free essay sample

Many people probably wouldnt have made it through the sasss without music. The people who listened to the music said it was their way of life (Microsoft music). Music helped people forget about all the bad and horrible things going on around them, it let them escape their day to day troubles If Just for a little while. The kind of music most people listened to was the high beat Swing. Swing was said to have been born In 1938 when Jelly Roll Morons Red Hot Peppers recorded George Swing (Microsoft music).Others say It started on a cold night when Bennie Motets band got an entire Kansas City ballroom Jumping (World Book 159). Still others say it all started In 1932 when the great Duke Longtime recorded the album The Anthem of Idiom, It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Anti Got That Swing). From the definition of the Webster Dictionary, swing involves a departure from the written score by maintaining the underlying beat, but playing the melody between and around the beat in a fashion other than it is written (Peg. We will write a custom essay sample on A positive influence through the depression or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 121). More commonly, swing refers to what we call big band Jazz of the sasss- music performed by groups which generally featured several of each instrument and playing a steady but still wild eat that was great for dancing. FIFO Goodman small bands. The great swing band included those of Louis Russell, Earl Hines, Jimmy Langford, Andy Kirk, Harlan Leonard, Claude Hopkins, Chick Webb, Don Redden, Benny Carter, Bunny Bengal, Charlie Barnett, Harry James, Woody Herman, Lionel Hampton, and the great Count Basis.Count Basis started out his young career as a Jazz musician playing to silent movies. Then in 1928 he Joined Walter Pages Blue Devils, starting a 20 year long association with the Bassist. When the Blue Devils broke up Basis Joined Bernie Motets band, and then in 1935 darted his own band, the Reno Club and quickly went to the top. In 1938, the band recorded the classic track Jumping At the Woodside with three of the most accomplished musicians of the time, featuring solos by, Earl Warren and Herschel Evans as well as Young and Clayton.One of the people who made the biggest impact on the sasss music was the trumpet player, Louis Armstrong. He was the true soloist of Jazz. Armstrong was a great improviser, technically, emotionally, and intellectually (The Simon and Schuster Listener Guide to Jazz, 28). He changed the format of Jazz by bringing the soloist to the forefront, and his recording roofs, the Hot Five and the Hot Seven, showed people that Jazz improvisation could go for beyond simply ornamenting the melody; he created new melodies based on chords of the initia l tune (Microsoft, Incarnate). Hanged the words and melodies of songs, but also by improvising without words, by using instruments in place of words (The Simon and Schuster Listener guide to Jazz, 27). The most innovative pianist of the sasss , comparable to Armstrong, was Earl Fatwa Hines, a Chicago born musical wizard considered to have a wild, unpredictable imagination (Microsoft Music). His style influenced pianist of the next generation. One of the most popular ways of playing the piano in the sasss was called the boogie-woozier, a form of blues and swing mixed together.It consists of a short, sharply accented bass pattern played over and over by the left hand while the right hand plays freely, using a variety of rhythms (Microsoft Incarnate). Leading boogie-woozier pianists included Made Lug Lewis, Albert Monsoon, Pete Johnson, and Pine Top Smith. The great efforts of Armstrong, Longtime, Henderson, and others made Jazz a dominant influence on American music during the sasss and sasss. Popular musicians such as the band leader Paul Whitman seed some of the most common beats and rhythm of Jazz, although with less freedom and skill than were displayed in the music of the great Jazz players.Attempting to combine Jazz with light classical music, Whitman orchestra also played Jazzy pieces by American composers I believe that these artists I have talked about were some of the most important people during the Depression. When people were sad and nothing was going right they always had their radio to turn on. Without the good times Jazz brought to them, who knows how the Depression would have turned out without the music of the sasss.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

In Gladiator Scott makes the murder of Marcus Aurileus very like the killing of Tyrell in Blade Runner Essay Example

In Gladiator Scott makes the murder of Marcus Aurileus very like the killing of Tyrell in Blade Runner Paper Ridley Scott was born in 1937 and was raised in unfashionable Northumbria (Tyne and Wear) England. Although Scott was a fair way from UCLA film school (California) He still managed to become a director! Scott learnt his skills in direction by attending the royal college of art and then began designing backgrounds for adverts; he then went on to directing adverts like hovis. After the adverts his first film was the duellists in 1977. Ridley Scott is one of the most talented and hottest directors working at the minute. He manipulates the camera to show more about the camera and story than dialog ever could.Scott has the ability to take on epic projects; he understands human nature enough to include intimate scenes or great power and beauty. Scott takes in great detail down to the smallest little thing, this makes a big difference, if he hadnt have thought about little details the audience may not understand as much about the characters, time or place.Ridley Scott develops a coherent vi sion of the future. The weather in Blade Runner is dull, rainy and grey. It shows that the place in which the film is set in is maybe a bad place or that it is very worn after time. Blade Runner shows a lot of crime and that the world is going to get worse if people dont look after it. Buildings and housing are more like small flats made like town houses (on top of each other.) when Roy and Sebastian go to see Tyrell (G-d) to see if it was possible to give Roy more life. Tyrell replies by telling him you cant mess with fate. This results in Roy turning round and holding Tyrell up close I want more lifefuckerThe death of Tyrell occurs because Roy did not get what he wanted. Ridleys way of filming the death make it seem real the camera views make the audience imagine what is going on! Roy kills Tyrell by using his hands to screw up Tyrells face but whilst the death is occurring Ridley used his imagination to put in screen shots of an owl. This makes the death more mysterious.In Gladia tor Scott makes the murder of Marcus Aurileus very like the killing of Tyrell in Blade Runner close ups of the face during the killing of Marcus by his own son commodus. Although in Gladiator Scott uses a bust of Marcus Aurileus as a close up during the killing. This symbolises that Commodus wants this to be one day him but his father had chosen Maximus to become the new leader of Rome, this left commodus no choice he could think of to get to the throne except to kill his father before anybody found out about maximus to be in line to the throne.Both Blade Runner and Gladiator address the theme of mortality. They show that life is fragile no matter what you go through. They also show how precious life is. Blade Runner is set in the future, where replicas, which had been perfectly made to look, like humans. These replicants were in need to be hunted down and destroyed after some of them had malfunctioned and massacred a group of humans. Where as in Gladiator it is set in the past wher e a man called Maximus was taken as a slave for Rome. Maximus does not mind this, as he is to fight in the games for Rome. Maximus fights and fights battle after battle and eventually wins victory, although unfortunately it was all too much for him and he dies but he goes to be with his family, which were killed by Commodus.Blade Runner and Gladiator both explore father-son relationships that are dysfunctional. In Blade Runner it is the kiss between Roy and Tyrell that gives a twist to the story as Roy does this before he kills Tyrell. In Gladiator it is the embrace between Commodus and Marcus where Commodus hugs his father and then settles down to kill him.Scott was attracted to the replicants story with the murder involved because his brother died suddenly. He quoted Franks death freaked me outI knew I had to work through it I had to get shooting. So I plunged into shooting Blade Runner. It kept me occupied. Perhaps, like Roy became acutely aware of how precious life is. In Blade Runner Roy kills Tyrell and in Gladiator Marcus kills Commodus. The killings are similar because both of them show only the faces of the characters in the scene and in-between glimpses of either: A statue of Marcus Aurelius (Gladiator) or an owl (Blade Runner.)In Gladiator a dying Marcus Aurelius plans to name his loyal and brave general Maximus his place to restore the power of the Roman senate. When Aureliuss son finds out about this he is power hungry and jealous. Commodus then realises that Marcus is the only one who knows of the gift, which had been offered to Marcus, and kills his dying father to make sure it was him who got his fathers place at the throne.Ridley Scott likes to have protagonists in his films. I think he is attracted to this because it makes the story more interesting. By having a hero or main character there is a story to undertake and go into great detail about this person. This makes the story more adaptable to how this person feels, how this person thinks a nd what this person is like even if the story is not along those details.Deckard and Maximus are both outsiders like Scott is in Hollywood. This is because Scott is English and he likes his main characters to be men, he doesnt care about the script and if he wants to change something he will change it. Scott has great willpower.Deckard resigned from the police force and was blackmailed into returning for the hunting of the Replicants This was because he is the best at his Blade Running job. Although it doesnt seem it in the beginning Deckard himself is a replicants. Maybe this is why he found it so easy to track down other replicants. Deckard managed successfully to identify and exterminate the replicants.Maximus is a Spaniard. He was the best. Maximus was contracted by the Romans to fight their battles for them because he was so good. The only reason Maximus did it was to hopefully win and be with his family.Maximus was honourable he knows what he wants he did what he was told to d o. Many people worshipped him to them he was a hero! Whilst Deckard is more complicated he doesnt know he is a replicants. Deckard does what he thinks is right. Which could end up in the wrong.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Free sample - Economics Principles and Their Apllications. translation missing

Economics Principles and Their Apllications. Economics Principles and Their ApllicationsEconomics is defined as a study of how socities produce useful commodities fromscarce resources and share them among themselves. Economics is very broad and has many principles and their applications.scarcity is where economists study situations where the needs of people exceed rthe means of acquiring the resources and therefore have to make choices. Rationality is aconcept assumed to guide trhe decisions or choices of people. When they are deciding they are given an opportunity to gauge the benefits and cost of all alternativers that they have.preferences allows people to assign utilities to all alternatives and choose the one that maximises on utility. Restrictions puts constraints to people that they cannot change themselves and must therefore take them the way they are such as budgets. Opportunity cost which is induced by scarcity and the need to make choices, helps people in deciding against some other options. Two aspects of opportunit y cost are used, that is, static aspect and dynamic aspect. Static aspect is when utility maximization choices makes opportunity cost to be minimal. Dynamic aspect is where choices are revised if opportunity cost rises. The economic principle is where rationality to situations of scarcity   is applied. In this principle, one minimizes cost with reference to a certain goal or maximises utility for a given level of cost or input.it therefore allows efficiency   and avoids wasting valuable resources. In economic analysis, efficiency of activities, transactions and rules is a major theme. It is either assessd in terms of pareto criterion or economic principle.another principal is marginal analysis where economists look at problems however it is uncommon among non-economists. In economic analysis equilibrium is a fundamental notion. It is where economist think in terms of equilibrtia, situations where one is not capable of changing his or her behaviour. Game theory is another approach where situations of interdependence are studied and people have incentives to behave strategically.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Induced Resistance in Plants

Induced Resistance in Plants Induced resistance is a defense system within plants which allows them to resist attacks from pests such as fungal or bacterial pathogens or insects. The defense system reacts to the external attack with physiological changes, triggered by the generation of proteins and chemicals that lead to activation of the plants immune system. Think about this in the same way as you would consider the reaction of your own immune system to attack, from, for example, a cold virus. The body reacts to the presence of an invader through several different mechanisms; however, the result is the same. The alarm has been sounded, and the system mounts a defense to the attack. Two Types of Induced Resistance Two main types of induced resistance exist: systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR). Systemic acquired resistance occurs when a localized wound is created on the plant, causing necrosis. The resistance is stimulated when a treatment designed to induce the resistance is applied to the spot where the pathogen has invaded the plant. The treatment can come in the form of another microbe, or as a chemical, such as salicylic acid. (An interesting fact: salicylic acid is also used to make aspirin!) The treatment triggers a systemic response in the plant, and the immune response is signaled. Obviously, this process takes some time to occur, depending on the plant species, the environmental conditions, and the nature of the pathogenic attack.Induced systemic resistance occurs when plant roots are colonized by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), soil bacteria which directly and indirectly influence plant growth. When the PGPR sense a change in the plant, a physiological response is triggered via a pathway involving (again!) salicylic acid. The chemicals jasmonate and ethylene are also involved as signaling chemicals. Unlike SAR, necrotic lesions on the plant are not involved in ISR. Both resistance pathways lead to the same final ending the genes are different, the pathways are different, the chemical signals are different but they both induce the resistance of plants to attack by pests. Although the pathways are not alike, they can work synergistically, and therefore the scientific community decided in the early 2000s to consider ISR and SAR as synonyms. History of Induced Resistance Research The phenomenon of induced resistance has been realized for many years, but only since about the early 1990s has it been studied as a valid method of plant disease management. The most prophetic early paper on induced resistance was published in 1901 by Beauverie. Titled Essais dimmunization des vegetaux contre des maladies cryptogamiques, or Testing the immunization of plants against fungal diseases, Beauveries research involved adding a weakly virulent strain of the fungus Botrytis cinerea to begonia plants, and discovering that this imparted resistance to more virulent strains of the fungus. This research was followed up by Chester in 1933, who outlined the first general concept of plant defense systems in his publication titled The problem of acquired physiological immunity. The first biochemical evidence for induced resistance, however, was discovered in the 1960s. Joseph Kuc, widely considered to be the father of induced resistance research, demonstrated for the first time the induction of systemic resistance using the amino acid derivative phenylalanine, and its effect on imparting resistance of apples to apple scab disease (Venturia inaequalis). Recent Work and Commercialization of the Technology Although the presence and identification of several pathways and chemical signals have been elucidated, scientists are still unsure of the mechanisms involved for many plant species and many of their diseases or pests. For example, the resistance mechanisms involved for plant viruses are still not well understood. There are several resistance inducers called plant activators on the market. ActigardTMV was the first resistance inducer chemical on the market in the USA. It is made from the chemical benzothiadiazole (BTH) and registered for use in many crops, including garlic, melons, and tobacco. Another product involves proteins called harpins. Harpins are proteins produced by plant pathogens. Plants are triggered by the presence of harpins into a warning system to activate resistance responses. Currently, a company called Rx Green Solutions is marketing harpins as a product called Axiom. Key Terms to Know Phytoalexins: antimicrobial proteins that accumulate in plant cells following microbial infection. They do not appear in healthy tissues; they are only formed after infection or injury.Hypersensitive response: the rapid response triggered by a plant in response to pathogen attack.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Strategic finance and accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategic finance and accounting - Essay Example For one reason, mergers are undertaken so as to increase the growth rate of the organization. For this case, the chairman’s statement means that, through the merger, a stronger organization with a stronger financial base to acquire more and better assets and improve the management condition will be formed. In this light, with good management, when a new team of management personnel will be put in place, the chairman is visionary that the newly formed organization will be able to provide better services to the passengers at affordable prices as well as make better profits. Through the merger, there is reduction in competition that was there before between the two firms, and this can make the shareholders now run a more profitable business. The staff will also enjoy since new management comes with new management systems so that, the former problems that were being experienced earlier, must be sorted before the merger takes place. For instance, there has been a cabin crew dispute and strike in the airlines, which will be solved by the merger (TheGuardian, 2010). Therefore, the merger is compelling since it has several advantages, strategic in terms of tax benefits and reduction of competition and financial logic as it brings finances together for investing and improving the face of the new organization to result to better management, customer service and good profits. Considering a recent example of a merger between two cement companies; Lafarge and Holcim, the two companies had an intention of coming together to create the world’s biggest cement maker with combined sales of 32 billion pounds. The merger was aimed also at reducing competition which has made the two firms become the biggest rivals in the

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Prenatal and Post-Partum Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prenatal and Post-Partum Scenario - Essay Example Anxiety, fear and other intense emotions which are a part of stress cause exaggerated production of adrenaline which causes restriction of blood flow to the uterine area causing deprivation of adequate oxygen to the fetus. Thus stress can lead to premature delivery and its consequences. Stress in pregnancy also have long-term consequences like behavioural problems in childhood (Santrock, 2004). 3. The pregnant woman must undergo ultrasound examination for fetal anomalies between 18- 20 weeks of gestation. At this point of time, all organs are developed and it becomes easier to detect any obvious congenital anomalies through ultrasound at this stage. According to ecological theory, several biological and environmental factors affect the growth of the fetus and the child (Santrock, 2004). Thus a normal nutrition and a stress-free environment is essential for normal development of the fetus. 1. The child must be breast fed as much as possible. According to Freuds theory of development, infants are in the oral stage of development and derive gratification from sucking (Santrock, 2004). Derivation of such pleasure at this stage allows them to have satisfaction and facilitates growth and development. 2. The mother should shower affection on the child and not do any thing to harm the child. According to Eriksons first psychosocial stage, trust is developed at this stage and the infant sets stage for expectation that the world is a pleasant and goof place to live. the expectation which begins at this stage lasts life long. 3. The mother should allow the child to touch, feel and explore various things on his/her own. According to Pigets cognitive developmental theory, the first stage is the stage of sensorimotor stage during which time the infant develops and understanding of the world through coordination of various sensory experiences through various physical actions (Santrock,

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Ethical issues we face Essay Example for Free

Ethical issues we face Essay Ethical issues we face in the day-to-day job or private life Ethics is one of the most important aspects in our daily lives, whether we are employed within an organization or act as members of a society. Issues concerning ethics have increased significantly especially over the last two decades as a result of globalism and of a fast-changing world. Nowadays, the extensive usage of social media requires certain ethical behavior that goes hand-in-hand with the real world. Ethical issues in the workplace. Ethical issues vary on the type of business an organization is involved in. However, certain issues remain the same and dealing with them is very crucial since their effects on the future of an organization might be devastating. Among them I can mention: Health and Safety It is important to have a proper balance between the costs of production and the health of employees. All companies must ensure a safe work environment. However, there have been cases where in order to cut spending companies have failed to pay close attention to the health of their employees. Sexual harassment Sexual harassment is one of most common ethical issues in the workplace behind which a large number of legal trials exist. Asking sexual favors in exchange of promotions is not only unethical but also punishable by law in most of the countries. Conducting personal business on company time This can significantly impact personal job performance and the overall results of a company. Taking advantage of other’s work There are times when we are required to work in a team and thus having an interaction with others when reaching the predetermined goals. Sometimes this can cause that certain individuals might take advantage of other’s work at a time when their contribution was minimal or lacking professionalism. To tell or not to tell Observance of improper business practices conducted by managers or fellow employees can cause an ethical dilemma. In such cases we often ask ourselves to tell or not to tell. On one hand we are aware of their wrongdoing and  want to report the problem, but on the other hand fear of losing the job cause us to remain silent. Other issues include late arrivals, lying to customers, nepotism, laying off of an experienced workforce and hiring of cheap labor, whistle-blowing etc Ethical problems in private life Ethical problems in our private life have a broader range as we are part of more complex environments. Some of them are as follows: Finding money which does not belong to us. Gun control Abortion Global warming Stem cell research Environment Public goods Disparities in wealth Racism

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Propaganda And Its Uses By Countries, Especially During War Essay

Propaganda and Its Uses By Countries, Especially During War In order to gain the support of the public, countries use propaganda. During the Gulf War, Saddam Hussein and George Bush used propaganda to gain the support of their respective public. Propaganda was everywhere. It was on the radio and television and it brought the war into millions of homes. Propaganda was a vital part of the Gulf War because it provided the US and Iraq with the support of their public. Propaganda is always geared towards the populace claiming that the other country is the oppressor. The truth is often stretched or even fabricated to garner a public outcry for justice. The real truth, however, is very difficult to distinguish from fiction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The blame is often pushed to towards the other country. Iraq claimed that they were the victims and that the United States was the aggressor. Hussein declared that they had been victimized by Kuwait. According to Iraq, they had to pay back money that they did not have and Kuwait was responsible for the cutback on healthcare and other vital services. Since Kuwait voted against raising the price of oil, Iraq was unable to receive any revenue. It was because of this that Iraq invaded Kuwait. The United States claimed that Iraq was the aggressor. In the American media, Iraqi tanks were shown to enter a defenseless Kuwait amidst destroyed buildings. The American public was convinced that their troops were only there to protect and that...

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Final study guide

Final Exam Study Guide Know these people Carl Linnaeus- Swedish botanist who established a system for naming species that is still in use today; two-part name unique to each type of organism Jean Baptists Lamarckian-proposed that individuals change in response to challenges posed by the environment and the changed traits are then passed on to offspring Charles Darwin- said that species change over time but do not progress; individual variation is important and variation is what drives evolution Biodiversity How many species have been described? Approximately 1. 5 million (114 of all species) How many species remain to be described? What animals account for the greatest amount of species diversity? Insects How do we estimate biodiversity? Genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity, change through time -variety and variability of life on earth, measured by species What are ecosystem services? Processes that increase the quality of the biotic environment -atmosphere and c limate, freshwater, nutrient cycling, pollination, pest population, disease What is an ecological footprint?How many additional planet earths would be required if all humans had the ecological footprint of an American? 4 planets Why is biodiversity important? Why study biodiversity? Economical and biological benefits Science What is a theory and how does it differ from a hypothesis? Well a hypothesis is a possible or tentative explanation for scientific findings that a scientist discovered during research. A theory is a tested by other scientists who get the same results as the previous scientists hypothesis Evolution and Natural Selection Why did Darwin delay the publication of The Origin of Species?Because of â€Å"special creation† was still very popular What is unfamiliarity's and how does it relate to the process of Natural Selection? Their ideas both relied on low changes over time rather than cataclysmic events that caused sudden upheaval or change What is a geometric progression;- -is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed, non-zero number called the common ratio -population growth what is an arithmetic progression? -increases by a constant difference (e. . , units of 1 or 2 or 3) -food supply -supply gradually increases with large population jumps How do these relate to populations and natural selection? – lack of resources causes competition Review the medium ground finch study (Gasping forties). What type of selection? Directional selection What influenced beak size? Since only big seeds became available, individuals with particularly large and deep beaks were more likely to crack these fruits efficiently enough to survive How did this relate to rainfall? He drought cause the sources of seeds as food to decline What are the conditions necessary for Natural Selection? – individuals vary -some variations are heritable -more offspring are produced than can survive - individuals with traits that confer an advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce What are the agents of evolutionary change – review notes on tuition, coneflower, nonrandom mating, genetic drift.Mutation-constantly introduces new alleles at all loci -increases genetic diversity in population -ultimate source of all genetic variability -random with respect to fitness Gene Flow- the movement of alleles from one population to another -random with respect to fitness -tends equalize allele frequencies among populations Nonrandom matting- nonrandom mating between relatives -causes inbreeding depression -helps selection weed out deleterious alleles Genetic Drift- any change in the allele frequencies in a population that is due o chance (luck, sampling error) ;causes allele frequencies to drift up and down randomly over time What is fitness? The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce, relative to other individuals in that population What is artificial selection? S elective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits How does natural selection produce major change? Trial selection is the tendency of the ones best suited to survive in their environment to survive longer and pass on their genes more often – those genes then become more common and the harmful rations die out, gradually reshaping all life and fine-tuning it to it's environment. What is homology? The occurrence of similar features in different species because they both inherited the trait from a common ancestor What is the most common cause Of homophony? -convergent evolution -occurs when natural selection favors similar solutions to problems posed by a similar way of life What is a vestigial structure? Any rudimentary structure of unknown or minimal function that is homologous to functioning structures in other species -are thought to reflect evolutionary history How do imperfect structures relate to the theory of evolution b y Natural Selection?If evolution is true, then â€Å"imperfect design† is expected, because natural selection works to make an organism well-adapted, but not perfectly adapted, to their environment What is convergent evolution? Review the fish ichthyology example from class and the text. Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments. Starting about 200 million years ago, these marine reptiles evolved body plans (and behavioral patterns) strikingly similar to those of odder dolphins and bluffing tuna (great example of convergent evolution) Be able to recognize disruptive, directional, stabilizing selection.Disruptive both extremes are favored, and the average phenotype is selected against – relatively rare -maintains genetic variation -plays a role in speciation-the generation of new species Directional- one extreme is favored, and the average phenotype (and the other extreme) is selected against -changes th e average value of a trait Stabilizing- reduces genetic variation -the average phenotype is favored, and both extremes are selected against – he average value of the trait does not change over time What is the difference between macroeconomics- Large-scale evolution occurring over geologic time that results in the formation of new taxonomic groups. ND microinstruction – evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies Hardy-Weinberg You will not be asked to do any Hardy-Weinberg calculations What is the basic tenet of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem? When alleles are transmitted via meiosis and random combination of gametes, their frequencies do not change over time -for evolution to occur, some other actor or factors must come into play -if the frequencies of alleles AH and AH in a population are given by p and q, then the frequencies of genotypes AH AH , AH AH, and AAA will be given by pa, ops, and sq for generation after generatio n What are the assumptions of the H-W Theorem? O natural selection -no genetic drift (no random allele frequency changes) -no gene flow via immigration or emigration -no mutation -random mating (with respect to the gene in question) pa -the predicted frequency of the offspring AH AH genotype* ops-the predicted frequency of the offspring AI genotype + sq -the predicted regency of the offspring AAA genotype= 1 : what are the allele frequencies, what are the genotype frequencies in a non-evolving population? Frequency of dominant allele the frequency of the recessive allele frequency of AAA (homozygous dominant) ops= frequency of AAA (heterozygous) sq= frequency of AAA (homozygous recessive) How do you recognize a population not in H-W equilibrium? If it does not equal one Why would a population not be in H-W equilibrium? B/c changes would occur and that would not be realistic Species and speciation Review the Biological Species Concept. Cost widely accepted concept -defines species as a population or group whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring Be able to differentiate between Predating/Precocity-individuals of different species are prevented from mating, Postdating/Precocity and Posthypnotic- when individuals from different populations do mate, but species will have low fitness or fitness or offspring will be sterile barriers. What are the predating-Factors which cause species to mate with their own kind (assertive mating) and postdating barriers-Genomic incompatibility, hybrid amiability or sterility What are posthypnotic barriers? What is a hybrid?Temporal isolation-populations are isolated because they breed at different times Habitat Isolation- populations are isolated because they breed in different habitats Behavioral Isolation- populations do not interbreed because their courtship displays differ Gametes Barrier- mating fail because eggs and sperm are incompatible Mechanical Isolatio n- mating fail because male and female reproductive structures are incompatible Hybrid Viability- hybrid offspring do not develop normally and die as embryos Hybrid Sterility- hybrid offspring mature but are sterile as adults Hybrid-the offspring of parents from two different strains, populations, or species In very general terms what does the Biological Species Concept state about the nature of species? What are some of the problems with the Biological Species Concept? Tot applicable to asexual or fossil species; difficult to assess if populations do not overlap geographically Be able to define the terms symmetric-occurs even though gene flow is possible; is rare or nonexistent – even though symmetric populations are not physically isolated, they may be isolated by preferences for different habitats and allophonic- begins with physical isolation via either dispersal or vicariate What is the phylogeny species concept? -based on reconstructing the evolutionary history of popul ations What is the morphological species concept? Identifies evolutionary independent lineages by differences in morphological features – based on the idea that distinguishing features are most likely to arise if populations are independent and isolated from gene flow The Fossil Record and Mass extinctions What are the different types of facsimiled materials?Thousandth Microfossils- first animals on Earth -include tiny sponges Dedicated faunas- -include sponges, jellyfish, and comb jellies as well as facsimiled burrows, tracks, and other traces from unidentified animals -small, have no shells, limbs, heads, mouths, or feeding appendages -sat immobile on the seafloor, or floated in the Water Burgess Shale Faunas- sponges, jellyfish, and comb jellies, arthropods, and mollusks -tremendous increase in the size and morphological complexity of animals occurred, accompanied by diversification in how they made a living Fossil Intermediate- we can see the bridge between where we start ed and here we are now with these intermediate fossils How are rocks in fossils preserved?What are fossil intermediates? What was the Cambrian Explosion? When did it occur? About 563 million years ago What is a mass extinction? How many are there in the paleontologist record? Result from extraordinary, sudden, and temporary changes in the environment , 5 records What is the sixth mass extinction? The ongoing extinction of Earth's creatures caused by humans What are some of the putative causes for the Permian mass extinction? When did it occur? What percentage of species went extinct? 0% 251 million years ago When was the KIT mass extinction? 65 million What is the evidence that points to an asteroid strike as the trigger of the KIP extinction?Sedimentary rocks that formed at the KIT boundary contain very high amounts of iridium (rare on Earth, common in meteorites) -In Haiti, shocked quartz and micrometeorites are abundant in rock layers from this time period -The huge crater off th e coast of Mexico Yucatan Peninsula Review the timing and general characterizations of the Paleozoic-saw the origin and initial diversification of the animals, land plants, and fungi, as well as the appearance of land animals, Pre-Cambrian-life was exclusively unicellular for most Of Earth's history -oxygen was virtually absent from the oceans and atmosphere for almost 2 billion years after the origin of life, Mesozoic- extinction of dinosaurs -in terrestrial environments of the Mesozoic, gymnosperms were the most important plants and dinosaurs were the most important vertebrates, Cenozoic-on land, angiosperms were the most important plants and mammals were the most important vertebrates and Cambrian Phylogeny How does the principle of parsimony apply to phylogeny reconstruction? Deer parsimony, the most likely explanation or pattern is the one that implies the least amount of change -a computer compares the branching patterns that are theoretically possible and counts the number of changes in DNA sequences required to produce each pattern Define the following terms: contemporary-a trait found in certain groups of organisms that exists in no others -homologous trait (inherited from a common ancestor), Primitive A structure which is NOT exclusively shared only by all members of a group by virtue of descent from a common ancestor -cannot be used to extinguish between members of a group because all actually or ancestrally possess the Structure -Example: Vertebrae are possessed by all birds but also by all other vertebrates.Possession of vertebrae cannot be used to distinguish the birds from other batteries since all batteries including birds share that trait, ancestral-A trait shared by all members of a group through a common ancestor. , derived-A structure which IS exclusively shared ONLY by all members of a group by virtue of descent from a common ancestor -Example: Among vertebrates, feathers are possessed by all birds ND by NO OTHER VERTEBRATE -Possession of feathers CAN be used to didst anguish the birds from other batteries since no batteries except birds share that trait.. Of the above which provide the only real evidence for relationship? Derived Trait How do you establish if a character is derived or ancestral (hint: outgrip and ingrown)- Assume that the character in the outgrip is ancestral.Fifth character is different in the ingrown, then it is considered derived -To determine whether a character is ancestral or derived compare the character in the ingrown with that of the outgrip Define: monopolistic-an evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and all of its descendants but no others (also called a clawed or lineage), paralytic-an evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and some but not all of its descendants -meaningful unit in evolution, polytechnic-composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor. Be able to recognize the above terms within the context of a phylogeny tree. O f the above terms which one is preferred? – monopolistic group Which is most likely the reality of any group? Reparability group Prokaryote (study sections 28. And 28. 3) What feature has contributed significantly to bacterial diversity? Be able to differentiate been gram-positive- have cell walls composed of a thick layer of pedagogical -bacteria that look purple when treated with a gram strain and gram-negative-bacteria that look pink when treated with a gram stain bacteria have a cell wall composed of a thin layer of pedagogical and an outer phosphoric layer bacteria. Review bacterial metabolic diversity (heterodox-acquire carbon containing compounds from other organisms, lithograph-oxidize inorganic ions such as ammonia or methane to fuel cellular aspiration etc. What features distinguish Reach-no nuclear envelope -circular chromosome -all unicellular -flagella spin like bacterial flagella, but in a distinctive molecular composition have unique phosphoric in their plasma membranes, Bacteria-no nuclear envelope -have pedagogical in their cell walls -flagella spin like propeller -almost all unicellular and Eukaryote-nuclear envelope -flagella undulate back and forth? Are prokaryote monopolistic-yes, because there are two main lineages that diverged very early in the history of life Protests (study sections 29. 1 , 29. 2 and 29. ) What is the domain Eukaryote? What is the endometriosis origin of eukaryote – who proposed it and what is the evidence supporting it?Mitochondria are most closely related to what group of bacteria – to what group are chloroplasts most closely related? Do protests form a monopolistic group? What groups must be included? Land Plants (study sections 30. 1 and 30. 3) What group is most closely related to land plants? Green Algae What features were the main features that allowed plants to inhabit and subsequently diversify on land? Terrestrial habitats have more sunlight and more CA than aquatic habitats -Preventing water loss: cuticle and stomata -upright growth and vascular tissue Review the general features of land plant phylogeny. What were the major features to evolve over the course of land plant history?

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Introduction to Computer Aided Engineering with Ansys

Introduction Traditionally, Engineers have used laboratory testing equipment to test the structural behavior of materials. While this method is appreciated and is highly acceptable especially for linear cases the reliance on time consuming and expensive laboratory has hindered progress in the complexity of designed considered. However, the continual rapid advances in computer aided engineering (CAE) over the years have affected this area significantly.In many engineering disciplines, the application of advance finite element tools has not only allowed the introduction of innovative, effective and efficient designs, but also the development of better and more accurate design methods. (M. Mahendren, 2007). In this assignment, an advance Finite element tool (Ansys parametric design Language) is used to analyze the design, material properties, linear stress and modal analysis on components with linear isotropic structural materials.The basis of finite element analysis (FEA) relies on the decomposition of the domain into a finite number of sub-domains (elements) for which the systematic approximate solution is constructed by applying the variation or weighted residual methods (Erdogan Madenci. Ibrahim Guven, 2006). In effect, FEA reduces the problem to that of a finite number of unknowns by dividing the domain into elements and by expressing the unknown field variable in terms of the assumed approximating functions within each element (M. Asghar Bhatti, 2005).These functions (also called interpolation functions) are defined in terms of the values of the field variables at specific points, referred to as nodes. Nodes are usually located along the element boundaries, and they connect adjacent elements. This assignment is a demonstration on how engineers use numerical solutions to refine and validate design in the early stages of product design. For the task1 of this assignment, a bracket with structural isotropic material properties of young’s Modulus, E=200Gpa , v=0. 3 and .Will be analyze, two things are important to the design engineer, what is the applied force on the material that will cause it to begin to fail given the properties and geometry shown in figure 1A below. At what point does it begin to fail (What point has the maximum stress). Having knowledge of these two factors, the engineer will decide to design the bracket to bear this load without failure or if the load to be applied will be reduce provided the design is not necessary a product or component that must bear such load.At every point in the design, the design engineer is inclined to make decisions that will affect the overall functionality of the Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page1 various components involve in the design. Computer aided engineering , has made sure that the engineer will not pass through the cumbersome experience of conducting laboratory test to determine failure, rather few hours spen d on the workstation ( computer system ) with a hightech finite element software, will not only save time, but the resources involve for every laboratory experiment.And with the integration of CAD modeling software to FEA software, the engineer can actually model the real components and conduct test that are closely related to how the system will perform in its application. Task2 of this assignment is to explore the effect of bending moment and torque and the corresponding, shear stress and normal stress respectively. There are some designs that the engineer has to consider the effect at a particular point, element or component. For this task, we will consider the stress at point A due to the effect of the bending moment and torque produce by the applied force.Task 3 is a modal analysis on a simply supported solid brick; two natural frequencies are to be presented. In design, it is essential that the natural frequency of the system is known so as to find out if the system can perfor m effectively without failure due to resonance (vibration). For this the first natural frequency is important. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page2 Task 1 Figure1A: Bracket Model Analysis steps 1. : Preprocessing Preprocessing involves, preparing the model for analysis, defining the type of analysis, discretization of the model into finite elements. For any analysis in the finite element method, this step is very essential as the result is dependent on this stage. 1. 1: Define element type: For this model, element type 8-node-plane82 is defined. And on the option, plane stress w/thk is selected. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page3 Figure1: showing Element selection with option. . 2: Setting real Constant: The thickness of the model is 10mm. Figure2: Showing Real Constants with thickness 10mm. 1. 3: Material Models: A linear elastic isotropic material i s applied with a Young’s Modulus of elasticity of 200GPa and Poisson ratio of 0. 3 Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page4 Figure 3: Showing materials model with Young’s Modulus of elasticity of 200GPa. ( 1. 4: Geometric Model: The steps involve in the modeling bracket to be analyze is shown.To model the geometry correctly, key points are created, lines are created to join the key points, the lines are use to create area, the two circles are drawn and subtracted from the area and so is the slot. 1. 4. 1: Create key points using table 1 below Table 1: key points for bracket KP. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 X 0 30 50 74 74 130 Y 0 0 36 50 25 50 Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page5 7 8 130 0 85 85 0 0 Figure4: key points mapped for bracket 1. 4. 2: Create Line (Preprocessor>>Modeling>>Line>>Straight line: join the keypointsFigure 5: showing line s created from the key points. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page6 Figure 6: Arc created using Larc,3,4,5,25 ( Line arc joining keypoints,3, 4 at center 5 and radius 25mm. ) 1. 4. 3: Create area-(preprocessor>>modeling>>create>>Areas>>Arbitrary>>By lines ) select all lines Figure 7: created area from lines. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page7 1. 4. 4 Create two circles Circle1: x =15, y=15, radius=7. 5 Circle2:x=40,y=62. , radius=7. 5 Cut out the circle from the main area using Preprocessor>>modeling>> Operate>> Boolean>> Subtract (Select the big area and click apply and then the two circles) Figure 8: showing subtracted circular areas. 1. 4. 5: Create the slot- first create the two circles, then the rectangle, use Boolean subtraction operation to cut out the slot. Circle1: x=87. 5, y=67. 5, radius=7. 5; Circle 2: x=112. 5, y=67. 5, r=7. 5 Rectangle: coordinates (87. 5, 60) & (112. 5, 75) Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. WahyudiPage8 Figure 9: showing model with slot 1. 4. 6: mesh: This is a key part of the finite element method. The model is discretized into finite element. This process is necessary as the solution is solved for each element and then a global solution is obtained by combining the result for each element. This involves finding the stiffness matrix for each element, the force matrix for each element, and then obtaining both global stiffness and force matrix. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page9 Figure 10: Meshed Model of the bracketFigure11: Refined mesh model at the slot, circles and arc. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page10 2. 0 Processing (Solution): To obtain the solution for the model, the type of analysis, constraints (di splacement constraints), and the load will be define. This is like defining the boundary conditions. 2. 1: Boundary Conditions (All DOF= 0 at the two circles) Figure 11: Boundary condition (0 displacements to all DOF at the two circles) Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page11 2. Boundary Condition (apply pressure at the slot) Figure 12: Pressure of 19. 26 MPa is applied on the slot 2. 3 Solve the built model to obtain the solution Figure 2. 3: The step use to solve the current Load step Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page12 3. 0 : Post processing In this stage, the result will be listed, plotted and analyzed. Deformed shape to illustrate result has been obtained in the Postprocessor Phase. TASK1B TASK 1B: Maximum Load applied without causing yielding Analytical solution of task1 Free Body Diagram of Bracket W WA L1 0L2 10 47. 5 72. 5 90 Nangi Ebughni Okor ia- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page13 In this analysis, we are going to consider the effect of the uniformly distributed load to act at ? of the width of the bracket; h= 35/2=17. 5mm. First we analyze the system for the shear force, v and bending moment, M. The shear force and bending moment is plotted against x. W is the distributed load along the 25mm slot. is the distribution reaction load along the 10mm length from the center of the circle. ; Sum of vertical forces equals zero ; Where F is the force due to W and ; (i. . I). For the Boundary Condition is the force due to . ) 0 ? x ? 10 < Mx WA x V ; Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page14 ; †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (2) 10 ? x ? 47. 5 < M wA 10 V FA x ; †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (3) ; †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (4) Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page15 47. 5 ? x ? 72. 5 V 25w 10 < M x ; ; †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (5) 0; †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (6) Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page16 ; ; †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (7) ; †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (8)Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page17 Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram Graph of x against shear force v 0 0 -5 -10 10 X-Axis 47. 5 72. 5 90 V-Axis -15 v -20 -25 -30 Figure1B. Shear Force Diagram (Graph) Graph of x against bending Moment M 1600 1400 1200 Axis Title 1000 800 600 400 200 0 M 0 0 10 125 47. 5 1062. 5 72. 5 1375 90 1375 Figure 1C: Bending Moment diagram. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page18 From the shear force and bending moment diagram, it can be observe that at x=47. the shear force is maximum and the bending moment is maximum at the region , however the shear force at this region is zero. So using x=47. 5 as the point where the stress will begin to be maximum (initiate) value, the value of w and F can be obtained there as followed. mm; note that we are using 17. 5 on the assumption that the uniformly distributed load acts at the center of the bracket. Shear stress, ; Note that this is the shear stress due to the effect of the shear force when the bracket is fully restrained at the two circles. Normal stress, Note that the normal stress above is due to the bending moment, M.Now, in other to find the value of w, Von mises failure criterion is applied. First , we calculate the first and seco nd principal stress, since the bracket is subject and to be analyze under plane stress condition. Von Mises stress, , =2. 11075w Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page19 Now by Von Mises Stress Failure Criteria, ; where is the yield strength of the material use for analysis. Since this uniformly distributed load acts at the slot of 25mm, the force that is been applied due to this uniformly distributed load, .For the purpose of analysis of the bracket as presented in the assignment using ansys APDL, this force could be applied as a pressure; Task1B ( II): Where will the stress initiate From the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram above, the stress will initiate ate x=47. 5. This is because at this point the shear force, v is maximum and the moment, M is maximum between 47. 5 to 72. 5. Note that for this calculation, the assumption use is that since the material is a linear isotropic material, the load is linear ly proportional to the stress. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page20 Figure1B. II: showing that the stress will initiate at 47. 5, this also where the maximum stress exist. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page21 Task1C: Maximum Deflection Figure1. 1C: Nodal Displacement plot showing maximum Deflectionof 0. 136653mm The nodal plot above shows that the maximum deflection at the right end of the bracket is 0. 136653mm. I have included deformed shape plot of the bracket to better show how the bracket deformed.Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page22 Figure1. 2C: Deformed shaped & un-deformed shaped of the bracket Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page23 Figure 1. 3C: Deformed shaped of bracket. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page24 Task 1D: Maximum stress The maximum von Mises stress obtained is259. 676MPa. The Von Mises stress failure criterion is use for this analysis. Figure1. 1D: Maximum Von-mises StressVon Mises Failure Criterion The von Mises Criterion (1913), also known as the maximum distortion energy criterion, octahedral shear stress theory, or Maxwell-Huber-Hencky-von Mises theory, is often used to estimate the yield of ductile materials. The von Mises criterion states that failure occurs when the energy of distortion reaches the same energy for yield/failure in uniaxial tension. Mathematically, this is expressed as, Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page25 In the cases of plane stress, s3 = 0. The von Mises criterion reduces to,This equation represents a principal stress ellipse as illustrated in the following figure, Figure 1. 2D: Illustration of Von Mises Theory. Nangi Ebug hni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page26 Figure 1. 2D: Showing position of maximum Von-Mises Stress Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page27 Task1E: Discussion Of result 1E. 1: Discussion on nodal displacement Figure1. 1E: Nodal Displacement Plot From the nodal displacement plot above, it can be observed that the deflection on the left side of the bracket after the circle.The minimum deflection is on the first circle from the right. This is to say that the displacement at this circle is fully restrained, meaning all DOF is zero. The Blue part of the plot shows that there is no deflection. Also a closer look shows that at the right end of the bracket, the displacement is maximum. The plot shows that maximum deflection occurs at the uppermost right node of the bracket. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page28 Figure 1. 3E: Displacement Vector plot showing the direction of the deflection and how the bracket deflect.IE. 2: Discussion of Maximum Stress Distribution Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page29 Figure1. E1:Arrow diagram the stress at different locations Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page30 Figure 1. E2: stress distribution contour plot. Fig. 1. E1 and Fig. 1. E2 shows that the bracket will experience maximum stress around x= 47. 5 mm, this is to say at the stress is maximum. This is in accordance with the manual calculation obtained in Task1B above. Also comparing Figure 1. E1&1.E2 and the bending moment & shear force diagram shown in figure1B and figure 1C above of task 1B, one could conclude that the assumption used for the manual calculation is correct since the min stress on the model is at the 2nd circle. Also the stress at the top circle is mini mal and is increasing from zero to the maximum value of stress at x=47. 5. This result plotted above is when P=19. 26MPa, though this value is slightly higher than the12. 32MPa obtained from the manual calculation the result is similar. The pressure is less at Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. WahyudiPage31 12. 32 because; the assumption use for the calculation was the uniformly distributed load was acting at the center of the slot. In the application of this bracket, one will be careful not to use a pressure greater than 12. 32MPa on it as this may result to yielding. The design engineer ensured that the applied force on the bracket does not initiate a stress greater than the yield strength of the material. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page32 Task2 Analysis of a lever Arm For the assignment component no2, a lever arm is to be analyzed using ansys.The analysis w ill be conducted to determine the Von-Misses stress at element A as shown in fig. 2. 1 below. A force acts on the components at the 38cm component shown. Figure2. 1: Showing a component of lever arm analyzed in this assignment Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page33 2A: Analysis using Ansys Parametric designs Language (Mechanical APDL). Steps in the analysis Preprocessor 2A-1: Define Element type Element Type>> Add>>Solid>>10 node solid 187>>ok Figure2A. : Element type 2A-2: Material Model Material Props>>Material Model>> Structural>>Linear>>Elastic>>Isotropic Young Modulus of 206 X103 N/mm2 is applied. And poison ratio v=0. 3. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page34 Figure 2B: material properties 2A-3 Geometric model Steps in Modeling the Geometry are as followed: 2A-3. 1 Create Key points using the table below Table 2- Table Key Point No 1 2 3 4 X 0 0 50 50 Y 0 19 19 12. 5 Z 0 0 0 0 Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page35 5 6 7 8 355 355 455 455 12. 5 19 19 0 0 0 0 0 Figure 2A-3. 1 Plot of Key points Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page36 2A-3. 2: Create straight Line between the following key points: Kp1&Kp2; Kp2&Kp3; Kp3&Kp4; Kp4& Kp5; Kp5&Kp6; Kp6&Kp7; Kp7&Kp8; Kp8&Kp1. Figure 2A-3. 2: Line Plot 2A-3. 3: Create Line Fillet Preprocessor>Modeling> Create>lines>line Fillet First fillet is created between lines KP3 &KP4 and line KP4& KP5 fillet radius is 3. mm, click apply. Second Fillet is created between line KP4 & KP5 and KP5 & KP6, fillet radius 3. 2mm, click Ok. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page37 Figure 2A-3. 3 Plot of section to show Fillet 2A-3. 4 Create area: The area is created by selecting all the lines Preprocessor>Modeling>Create >Area>Arbitrary>Byline Figure 2A-3. 4: Plot of created area Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page38 2A-3. : Create an extrusion This is to convert the 2D area created to a 3D solid Cylinder Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Extrude>Area>about Axis Please note that I selected the about axis because we want the extrusion to be alike revolving the area 360o around the axis to be selected. The selected line joining KP1 & KP2 is use as the axis of rotation as this is the center line drawn when the lever arm is dissected into two equal halve from the origin. Figure2A-3. 5: Extrude area about axis Kp1& Kp8 (360o revolution) Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H.Wahyudi Page39 2A-3. 6: create the end point of the arm. Solid cylinder command is use to create this end part. After creating this Volume all the Volumes are added together to form one complete component. Table 3: Features for end part of lever arm Attributes WP X WP Y Radius Depth Part1 405mm 0mm 10mm 380mm Part2 405mm 0mm 10mm -80mm Figure 2A-3. 6: Complete Model Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page40 2A-4: Meshing Figure 2A-4: mesh plot of lever arm. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H.Wahyudi Page41 2A-5: Apply Boundary Conditions The first boundary condition applied is to fully restrain the left end of the lever arm. Displacement on area is used, and the area at the left end of the lever arm is picked. All Degree of freedom (ALL DOF) is set to zero. Lastly, the second boundary condition is applied. A force of 1890N in the negative Y-direction is applied to the right end of the lever arm. (Note that 1890N is use because my passport No. is A3543390A; and the last two digits on my passport no is 90 respectively). 2A-6: Solve the analysis The current load step is solved and result obta ined.To view the obtain result, under postprocessor, click load result and then nodal solution, stress, Von Mises stress. The result is plotted. 2A-7: Refined Mesh: for better result, the mesh is refined at the lines to minimum size of 1 as shown in Figure 2A-7 below. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page42 Figure 2A-6: Refined Mesh Plot Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page43 2A-7: Von-Mises stress at Element A The Von Mises stress obtained at A is 866. 984N/mm2Figure2A-8: Von Mises Plot displaying maximum stress obtained at A to be 866. 984 N/mm2. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page44 Task2B: Analytical Solution Y A Z 35. 5cm B F=1890N Figure2B-1 Free Body Diagram of the lever arm 38cm From Figure2B-1 above, the force on the 38cm cylinder, will cause a torque about element A. C The horizont al line from will be the axis upon which it will act. T V=1890N Ansys result 1 M 2nd result ( change position of F) Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. WahyudiPage45 Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page46 Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page47 No3: Modal Analysis of a simply supported rectangular beam Task3A: Finite Element Model Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page48 Figure 3A. 1 Geometric Model of beam. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page49 Figure3A-2: Mesh Plot of beam Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page50 Task3B: Boundary Condition The boundary condition is applied as followed, on the left side all DOF is se t to zero whereas on the right side only the vertical is set to zero ( i. e. Fy=0). Figure 3B-1: Boundary Conditions on the beam. Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page51 Task 3C: Procedure 3. 1. 1: Element Type: Solid Brick 8-node 45 (Solid45) 3. 1. 2: Material properties Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page52Geometric Modeling Create rectangle Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page53 Operate: Extrude for a length of 5cm which is equal to 0. 05m Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page54 Isometric view of model geometry Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page55 Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page56 First Freq uency: Mode shape Deformed shaped Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page57 Def + Undeformed Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page58 2nd mode shape Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page59 3rd Result Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page60 4th mode shape Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page61 Nangi Ebughni Okoria- Cume42-09/10-00089. , February 2012- MED 305-assigt1: Assessor: H. Wahyudi Page62

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 6

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 6 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Chapter 6 of The Great Gasbyis a major turning point in the novel:after themagical happiness of Gatsby and Daisy's reunion ins Chapter 5, we start too see the cracks that will unravel the whole story. Possibly because of this shift in tone from buildup to letdown, this chapter underwent substantial rewrites late in the editing process, meaning Fitzgerald worked really hard to get it just right because of how key this part of the book is. So read on to see how it all starts to fall apart in our full The Great Gatsby Chapter 6 summary. Gatsby and Daisy each try to integrate into the other one’s life, and both attempts go terribly. Gatsby can’t hang with the upper crust because he doesn’t understand how to behave despite his years crewing a millionaire’s yacht, and Daisy is repulsed by the vulgar rabble at Gatsby’s latest party. Recipe for eventual disaster? Absolutely. Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. The Great Gatsby: Chapter 6Summary A reporter shows up to interview Gatsby. He is becoming well known enough (and there are enough rumors swirling around him) to become newsworthy. The rumors are now even crazier: that he is involved with a liquor pipeline to Canada, that his mansion is actually a boat. The narrative suddenly shifts timeframes, and future book-writingNick interrupts the storyto give us some new background details about Gatsby. Jay Gatsby’s real name is James Gatz. His parents were failed farmers. He is an entirely self-made man, so ambitious and convinced of his own success that he transformed himself into his version of the perfect man: Jay Gatsby. Before any of his eventual social and financial success, he spent his nights fantasizing about his future. James Gatz met Dan Cody, a copper and silver mine millionaire, on Cody’s yacht on Lake Superior. Cody seemed glamorous, and Cody liked Gatz enough to hire him as a kind of jack-of-all-trades for five years. They sailed around, indulged Cody’s alcoholism, and Gatz learned how to be Jay Gatsby. Cody tried to leave him money in his will, but an estranged wife claimed it instead.Nick tells us that Gatsby told him all of these details later, but he wants to dispel the crazy rumors. The narrative flips back to the summer of 1922. After a few weeks of trying to make nice with Jordan’s aunt (who controls her money and directs her life), Nick returns to Gatsby’s house. Tom Buchanan and an East Egg couple who has met Gatsby before stop by while horseback riding. It’s unclear why – for a quick drink maybe?Tom has no idea who Gatsby is, but Gatsby goes out of his way to remind him that they met ata restaurant a few weeks ago (in Chapter 4), and to tell him that he knows Daisy. Gatsby invites them to stay for supper. The lady of the couple disingenuously invites him over to her dinner party instead. Gatsby agrees. Nick follows the guests out and overhears Tom complaining that Gatsby has clearly misread the social cues – the woman wasn’t really inviting him for real, and in any case, Gatsby doesn’t have a horse to ride. Tom also wonders how on earth Daisy could have met Gatsby.The three leave without Gatsby, despite the fact that he accepted the invitation to go with them. The next Saturday, Tom comes with Daisy to Gatsby’s party.Nick notes that with them there, the party suddenly seems oppressive and unpleasant. Gatsby takes them around and shows them the various celebrities and movie stars that are there. Tom and especially Daisy are somewhat star-struck, but it’s clear that to them this party is like a freak show – where they are coming to stare at the circus, and where they are above what they are looking at. Gatsby and Daisy dance and talk. Tom makes see-through excuses to pursue other women at the party. Daisy is clearly miserable. While Gatsby takes a phone call, Daisy and Nick sit at a table of drunk people squabbling about their drunkenness.Daisy is clearly grossed out by the party and the people there. When the Buchanans are leaving, Tom guesses that Gatsby is a bootlegger, since where else could his money be coming from? Daisy tries to stick up for Gatsby, saying that most of the guests are just party crashers that he is too polite to turn away. Nick tells Tom that Gatsby’s money comes from a chain of drug stores. Daisy seems reluctant to go, worried that some magical party guest will sweep Gatsby off his feet while she’s not there. Later that night, Gatsby worries that Daisy didn’t like the party. His worry makes him tell Nick his ultimate desire: Gatsby would like to recreatethe past heand Daisy had together fiveyears ago.Gatsby is an absolutist about Daisy: he wants her to say that she never loved Tom, to erase her emotional history with him (and with their daughter, probably!). Nick doesn't think that this is possible. Gatsbytells Nicksabout the magical past that hewants to recreate. It was encapsulated in the moment of Gatsby and Daisy’s first kiss. As soon as Gatsby kissed Daisy, all of his fantasies about himself and his future fixated solely on her. Hearing this description of Gatsby’s love, Nick is close to remembering some related phrase or song, but he can’t quite reach the memory. The intense, overly romantic way Gatsby describes his first kiss with Daisy is a solid clue into his over-idealization of her as almost a fairy tale figure of perfection. It’s totally fair to expect her to live up to that, right? Key Chapter 6 Quotes The truth was that Jay Gatsby, of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself. He was a son of Goda phrase which, if it means anything, means just thatand he must be about His Father's Business, the service of a vast, vulgar and meretricious beauty. (6.7) Here is the clearest connection of Gatsby and the ideal of the independent, individualistic, self-made man – the ultimate symbol of the American Dream. It’s telling that in describing Gatsby this way, Nick also links him to other ideas of perfection. First, he references Plato’s philosophical construct of the ideal form – a completely inaccessible perfect object that exists outside of our real existence. Second, Nick references various Biblical luminaries like Adam and Jesus who are called â€Å"son of God† in the New Testament – again, linking Gatsby to mythic and larger than life beings who are far removed from lived experience. Gatsby’s self-mythologizing is in this way part of a grander tradition of myth-making. Tom was evidently perturbed at Daisy's running around alone, for on the following Saturday night he came with her to Gatsby's party. Perhaps his presence gave the evening its peculiar quality of oppressivenessit stands out in my memory from Gatsby's other parties that summer. There were the same people, or at least the same sort of people, the same profusion of champagne, the same many-colored, many-keyed commotion, but I felt an unpleasantness in the air, a pervading harshness that hadn't been there before. Or perhaps I had merely grown used to it, grown to accept West Egg as a world complete in itself, with its own standards and its own great figures, second to nothing because it had no consciousness of being so, and now I was looking at it again, through Daisy's eyes. It is invariably saddening to look through new eyes at things upon which you have expended your own powers of adjustment. (6.60) What for Nick had been a center of excitement, celebrity, and luxuryis now suddenly a depressing spectacle. It’s interesting that partly this is because Daisy and Tom are in some sense invaders – their presence disturbs the enclosed world of West Egg because it reminds Nick of West Egg’s lower social standing. It’s also key to see that having Tom and Daisy there makes Nick self-aware of the psychic work he has had to do to â€Å"adjust† to the vulgarity and different â€Å"standards† of behavior he’s been around. Remember that he entered the novel on a social footing similar to that of Tom and Daisy. Now he’s suddenly reminded that by hanging around with Gatsby, he has debased himself. But the rest offended herand inarguably, because it wasn't a gesture but an emotion. She was appalled by West Egg, this unprecedented "place" that Broadway had begotten upon a Long Island fishing villageappalled by its raw vigor that chafed under the old euphemisms and by the too obtrusive fate that herded its inhabitants along a short cut from nothing to nothing. She saw something awful in the very simplicity she failed to understand. (6.96) Just as earlier we were treated to Jordan as a narrator stand-in, now we have a new set of eyes through which to view the story – Daisy’s. Her snobbery is deeply ingrained, and she doesn’t do anything to hide it or overcome it (unlike Nick, for example). Like Jordan, Daisy is judgmental and critical. Unlike Jordan, Daisy expresses this through â€Å"emotion† rather than cynical mockery. Either way, what Daisydoesn’t like is that the nouveau riche haven’t learned to hide their wealth under a veneer of gentility – full of the â€Å"raw vigor† that has very recently gotten them to this station in life, they are too obviously materialistic. Their â€Å"simplicity† is their single-minded devotion to money and status, which in her mind makes the journey from birth to death (â€Å"from nothing to nothing†) meaningless. He wanted nothing less of Daisy than that she should go to Tom and say: "I never loved you." (6.125) Hang on to this piece of information – it will be important later. This is really symptomatic of Gatsby’s absolutist feelings towards Daisy. It’s not enough for her to leave Tom. Instead, Gatsby expects Daisyto repudiate herentire relationship with Tom in order to show that she has always been just as monomaniacally obsessed with him as he has been with her. The problem is that this robs her of her humanity and personhood – she is not exactly like him, and it’s unhealthy that he demands for her to be an identical reflection of his mindset. "I wouldn't ask too much of her," I ventured. "You can't repeat the past." "Can't repeat the past?" he cried incredulously. "Why of course you can!" He looked around him wildly, as if the past were lurking here in the shadow of his house, just out of reach of his hand. "I'm going to fix everything just the way it was before," he said, nodding determinedly. "She'll see." He talked a lot about the past and I gathered that he wanted to recover something, some idea of himself perhaps, that had gone into loving Daisy. His life had been confused and disordered since then, but if he could once return to a certain starting place and go over it all slowly, he could find out what that thing was. . . (6.128-132) This is one of the most famous quotations from the novel. Gatsby’s blind faith in his ability to recreate some quasi-fictional past that he’s been dwelling on for five years is both a tribute to his romantic and idealistic nature (the thing that Nick eventually decides makes him â€Å"great†) and a clear indication that he just might be a completely delusional fantasist. So far in his life, everything that he’s fantasized about when he first imagined himself as Jay Gatsby has come true. But in that transformation, Gatsby now feels like he has lost a fundamental piece of himself – the thing he â€Å"wanted to recover.† Through all he said, even through his appalling sentimentality, I was reminded of somethingan elusive rhythm, a fragment of lost words, that I had heard somewhere a long time ago. For a moment a phrase tried to take shape in my mouth and my lips parted like a dumb man's, as though there was more struggling upon them than a wisp of startled air. But they made no sound and what I had almost remembered was uncommunicable forever. (6.135) Just as Gatsby is searching for an unrecoverable piece of himself, so Nick also has a moment of wanting to connect with something that seems familiar but is out of reach. In a nice bit of subtle snobbery, Nick dismisses Gatsby’s description of his love for Daisy as treacly nonsense (â€Å"appalling sentimentality†), but finds his own attempt to remember a snippet of a love song or poem as a mystically tragic bit of disconnection. This gives us a quick glimpse into Nick the character - a pragmatic man who is quick to judge others (much quicker than his self-assessment as an objective observer would have us believe) and who is far more self-centered than he realizes. Just what is Nick’s missing â€Å"fragment†? Is there an emotional part of him that is fundamentally lacking? Chapter 6 Analysis Let's work to connect this chapter to the largerstrands of meaning in the novel as a whole. Overarching Themes The American Dream. It’s not a coincidence that in the same chapter where we learn about James Gatz’s rebirth as Jay Gatsby, we see several other versions of the same kind of ambition that propelled him: A reporter on the make follows a hunch that Gatsby might turn out to be a story. Nick spends weeks courting the aunt that controls Jordan’s life and money. And in the deep background of the party, a movie star’s producer tries to take their relationship from a professional to a personal level. Everyone in the world of the novel is out to climb higher, to get more, to reach further. Plus, we see the people at the very top of the social hierarchy (Tom and Daisy) repeatedly look down their noses at this social climbing and generally act petty and miserable - which creates that sense that even for those at the top, happiness and fulfillment are elusive. Motifs: Alcohol. Despite his idolizing of Dan Cody, Gatsby learns from his mentor’s alcoholism to stay away from drinking – this is why, to this day, he doesn’t participate in his own parties. For him, alcohol is a tool for making money and displaying his wealth and standing. Society and Class. A very awkward encounter between a couple of West Egg, Tom, and Gatsby highlights the disparity between West Egg money and East Egg money. To Nick, the East Eggers are fundamentally different and mostly terrible: For fun, they ride horses, while Gatsby’s main vehicle is a car. They issue invitations that they hope will get declined, while Gatsby not only welcomes them into his home, but allows people to crash his parties and stay in his house indefinitely. They accept hospitality without so much as a thank you, while Gatsby feels such a sense of gratitude that his thanks are overwhelming (for example, when he offers to go into business with Nick when Nick agreed to ask Daisy to tea). This also demonstrates the fundamental inability to read people and situations correctly that plagues Gatsby throughout the novel - he can never quite learn how to behave and react correctly. Immutability of Identity. However far Gatsby has come from the 17-year-old James Gatz, his only way of hanging on to a coherent sense of self has been to fixate on his love for Daisy. Now that he has reached the pinnacle of realizing all his fantasies, Gatsby wants to recapture that past self – the one Daisy was in love with. Love, Desire, Relationships.No real life relationship could ever live up to Gatsby’s unrealistic, stylized, ultra-romantic, and absolutist conception of love in general, and his love of Daisy, in particular. Not only that, but he demands nothing less of Daisy as well. His condition for her to be with him is to entirely disavow Tom and any feelings she may have ever had for him. It’s this aspect of their affair that is used to defend Daisyfrom the generally negative attitude most readers have towards her character. Daisy Buchanan's Motivations. Daisy’s reaction to Gatsby’s party is fascinating - especially if we think that Gatsby has been trying to be the â€Å"gold-hatted bouncing lover†for her. She is appalled by the empty, meaningless circus of luxury, snobbishly disgusted by the vulgarity of the people, and worried that Gatsby could be attracted to someone else there. Daisyenjoyed being alone in his mansion with him, but the more he displays what he has attained, the more she is repelled. The gold-hatted routine simply won’t work with her when the Gatsby she fell in love with was an idealistic dreamer who was overwhelmed by simply kissing her - not the seen-it-all keeper of a menagerie of celebrities and weirdos. Listen, you either love the circus, or you hate the circus - but the circus is what you’re getting with Gatsby. Crucial Character Beats We find out Gatsby’s real origin story! He was born James Gatz and created a whole new persona for the future successful version of himself. When he was 17, Gatsby met a millionaire named Dan Cody, who taught him how to actually be Jay Gatsby. Tom and Gatsby exchange words for the first time (they met once for a hot second in Chapter 3, but didn’t speak)! They meet by coincidence when Tom’s friends bring him to Gatsby’s house in the middle of a horseback ride. Tom and Daisy come to one of Gatsby’s parties, where Daisy is disgusted by the vulgar excess and Tom goes off to womanize. Gatsby and Nick discuss the possibility of recreating the past, which Gatsby is apparently trying to do in order to be with Daisy. Gatsby thinks that reliving the past is definitely a completely real thing that normal people are able to do. What’s Next? Compare the description of this downer of a party with the much more fun-sounding one in Chapter 3, and think about what changes when the party is seen through Daisy’s eyes rather than Nick and Jordan’s. Check outthe novel’s timelineto get thehang of what happens when inthis chapter’s flashback. Evaluate the Tom and Gatsby face to face matchup by contrasting these two seemingly opposite characters. Move on to the summary of Chapter 7, or revisit the summary of Chapter 5. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Subordinate Clauses and Commas

Subordinate Clauses and Commas Subordinate Clauses and Commas Subordinate Clauses and Commas By Jacquelyn Landis Writers like to sprinkle their work with subordinate clauses because they add variety to sentence structure. A reading diet too heavy with simple sentences or even compound sentences becomes wearisome quickly. Subordinate clauses- also known as dependent clauses- used skillfully can add complexity and artfulness to writing. A subordinate clause can either precede or follow its main clause. What writers tend to get confused about, however, is when and where to place commas in relation to subordinate clauses. The simple rule is this: If a subordinate clause precedes the main clause, separate the two with a comma: Unless you have a lot of money, steer clear of Rodeo Drive. If the subordinate clause follows the main clause, no comma is usually needed: Steer clear of Rodeo Drive unless you have a lot of money. Many writers wouldnt be able to resist the temptation to stick a comma between Drive and unless even though its not strictly necessary. Theres a natural pause that seems to call for a comma, but try to resist its call unless a pause is needed for special emphasis. One notable exception is when the subordinating conjunction because is used and the main clause expresses a negative concept: Don’t worry about your spelling errors because the editor will fix them. Omitting a comma in this sentence suggests the meaning that there’s another reason not to worry about the spelling errors: Don’t worry about your spelling errors because the editor will fix them; worry about them because you shouldn’t have made them to begin with. So if the real reason you shouldn’t worry about the spelling errors is, in fact, because the editor will fix them, we need a comma: Don’t worry about your spelling errors, because the editor will fix them. Watch out for because in your subordinate clauses. Scrutinize your sentences to make sure youre not clouding the issue and confusing your readers. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of RhymeBroadcast vs Broadcasted as Past FormWhen to use "an"

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Trials and tribulations of e-learning and distance learning within Essay

Trials and tribulations of e-learning and distance learning within higher education - Essay Example Fortunately enough, there have been radical developments in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Computer technology has scaled new heights in terms of processing speed, storage and display; the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) has made it possible for content to be made available at any time, anywhere in the world. The requirement for faster knowledge acquisition and dissemination and the rapid developments in ICT have converged to lead to the development of what is known as e-Learning and Distance Education. â€Å". . . a wide set of applications and processes allied to training and learning that includes computer-based learning, online learning, virtual classrooms and digital collaboration. These services can be delivered by a variety of electronic media, including the intranet, internet, interactive TV and satellite.† Distance Learning lays more emphasis on the geographical distance or separation between the knowledge disseminating agency and the student. The concept of distance education is not new. Imparting education by despatch of course material through the postal service or snail mail, was the earlier form of distance education which has now metamorphosed with the application of electronic technology. Desmond Keegan (1995) defines Distance Learning as resulting from the technological separation of teacher and learner which frees the student from the necessity of travelling to â€Å"a fixed place, at a fixed time, to meet a fixed person, in order to be trained.† As far as dissemination of educational content through electronic technology is concerned, e-Learning and Distance Learning can therefore be considered to be the same. For the purpose of this paper, e-Learning and Distance Learning are used interchangeably. e-Learning delivery can be synchronous or asynchronous. Synchronous delivery implies an online or live

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Safe Guarding Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Safe Guarding Children - Essay Example Sometimes, issues of safety of the child arise, and thus they cannot be raised by their natural parents. In such cases, the children’s Act also made provision for children to be cared for by the local authorities (Great Britain: Department of Health, 2003). The Act goes as far as spelling out the various responsibilities that the local authorities will then have towards the children in their care. A revision of the Children’s Act, 1994, enhanced the Act by giving a legal basis for the program known as ‘Every Child Matters’, which is a government initiative (Baginsky, 2008). This review of the Children’s Act totally changed how the children’s services were formed and organised in the United Kingdom, and affected the formation of Children's Trusts. The basic policy guidance of the Children’s Act involves the non-statutory and statutory directions enclosed in the ‘Working Together to Safeguard Children’ program. This agenda, w hich was launched in 1999, and reviewed in the years 2006 and 2010, clarifies how individuals as well as children’s organisations should work jointly to protect children’s welfare according to the stipulations of the relevant legislation (Barlow and Scott, 2010). The new draft of the Children’s Act has three different documents which address: Working in concert to protect the rights of children: This is a draft that explains what actions children’s organisations are expected to take whether working alone or mutually with each other, in advancing the rights of children and protecting them Overseeing individual cases: This gives the outline for the evaluation of the cases of children in need as well as their families Statutory leadership in learning and development: This addresses the suggested arrangements for the review of Serious Cases of suspected child abuse (Corby, 2006). It also handles examinations of child deaths and other learning procedures that are directed by the Local Safeguarding Children Organisations. Emerging Theories on Child Abuse Many researchers have carried out numerous studies on the problem of child abuse in the past. These numerous researches have produced theories that seek to address the reason why child abuse takes place. The most recent of these theories are: The Social Learning Theory: This concept stresses the notion of the 'cycle of violence'. According to this premise, behaviour or human conduct is learned in two ways:Â   Either by a person being rewarded for his or her actions, which is also known as instrumental learning Or by a person watching and copying the behaviour of people around him or her A number of researchers presume that mistreated children learn to mistreat others through these two ways, and exhibit the same violent characteristics in adulthood. This sequence of learned aggression is usually identified as the intergenerational spread of violence or the ‘cycle of violence’ . The extensive function of the theory of the cycle of violence, however, has been challenged. This is due to the fact that approximately 20-30% of victims of child abuse become abusers who regularly exhibit criminal behaviour in adulthood (Howe, 2005). Staged interventions that are carried out on the basis of the social learning theory usually have the aim of putting an end to all existing forms of abuse, as well as checking any child abuse in the